Spinoza der Hebräer (eBook, PDF)
Baruch Spinoza was born to Portuguese Jews living in exile in Holland, but his life among the Marranos there was often unsettled. Despite an early rabbinical education, he was expelled from the synagogue at Amsterdam for defending heretical opinions in While engaging privately in serious study of medieval Jewish thought, Cartesian philosophy, and the new science at Rijnburg and the Hague, Spinoza supported himself by grinding optical lenses, an occupation that probably contributed to the consumption that killed him. Private circulation of his philosophical treatises soon earned him a significant reputation throughout Europe, but Spinoza so treasured his intellectual independence that in he declined the opportunity to teach at Heidelberg, preferring to continue his endeavors alone.
Spinoza's first published work was a systematic presentation of the philosophy of Descartes, to which he added his own suggestions for its improvement. The Principles of Descartes's Philosophy () contain many of the characteristic elements of his later work, but Spinoza seems to have realized that a full exposition of his own philosophical views would require many years of devoted reflection. In
Born in in Amsterdam to a modest Jewish family, Baruch (sometimes Benedict) Spinoza became one of the key figures of the seventeenth-century Dutch and European Enlightenment.
As a young man, he was considered an outstanding student of the Talmud and a promising religious scholar. But he soon found himself on the outside of the orthodox tradition due to his radical and unorthodox opinions. The influence of a new orientation, inspired by the philosophic writings of René Descartes and Francis Bacon, among others, could be seen at a very young age. In the Amsterdam rabbis excommunicated Spinoza. He lived the remainder of his life as a lens grinder while writing anonymously published philosophic treatises and covertly exchanging letters with many of the philosophically minded luminaries of the broader European Enlightenment.
Deeply concerned for the political future of Amsterdam and Europe, he published the Theologico-Political Treatise in , which, among other goals, was intended to lend support to the secular and constitutional regime of Jan de Witt, the Grand Pensionary of the Netherlands. That same year he fled to the Hague, fearing persecution at the hands of a repressive fac
Baruch de Spinoza
(Amsterdam, - La Haya, ) Filósofo neerlandés. Hijo de judíos españoles emigrados a los Países Bajos, estudió hebreo y la doctrina del Talmud. Cursó estudios de comercio y teología, pero, por la fuerte influencia que ejercieron sobre él los escritos de Descartes y Hobbes, se alejó del judaísmo ortodoxo. Su crítica racionalista de la Biblia provocó que fuese por último excomulgado por los rabinos en ; Spinoza se retiró entonces a las afueras de Amsterdam, donde trabajó como pulidor de lentes.
Spinoza
Durante este período escribió un Breve tratado acerca de Dios, el hombre y su felicidad, y parece que también la obra De la reforma del entendimiento y un polémico Tratado teológico-político, aunque se publicarían más tarde. En renunció a una cátedra en Heidelberg para mantener su independencia intelectual. En terminó su obra más importante, la Ética demostrada según el orden geométrico, iniciada catorce años antes y que no se publicaría hasta su muerte, en También por esta época emprendió la redacción del Tratado político, que quedó inconcluso.
La filosofía de Baruch Spinoza parte de la identificación de Dios con la naturaleza (Deus
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